Covalent or molecular compounds form when elements share electrons in a covalent bond to form molecules. Molecular compounds are electrically neutral. Ionic compounds are usually formed when a metal reacts with a nonmetal or a polyatomic ion. Covalent compounds are formed when two nonmetals react with each other. Since hydrogen is a nonmetal, binary compounds containing hydrogen are also usually covalent compounds. Group IA, IIA, and IIIA metals tend to form cations by losing all of their outermost valence electrons. The charge on the cation is the same as the binary number. The cation is binary the same name compound the neutral metal binary. Transition B-group and Post-Transition Group IVA and VA Metals These elements usually form ionic compounds; many of them can form more than one cation. The charges of the common transition metals must be memorized; Group Binary and V metal cations tend to be either the group number, or the group number minus two. Many of these ions have common binary trivial names formed from the stem of the element name the Latin name in some cases plus the ending -ic or -ous. The charge on the anion is the group number minus eight. The anion is named by taking the element stem name and adding the ending -ide Polyatomic ions are ions that are composed of two or more atoms that are linked by compound bonds, but that still have a net deficiency or surplus of electrons, resulting in an overall charge on the group. A binary compound is a compound formed from two different elements. There may or may not be more than one of each element. A diatomic compound or diatomic molecule contains two atomswhich may or may not be the same. Metals combine with nonmetals to give ionic compounds. Do NOT use prefixes to indicate how many of each element is present; this information is implied in the name of the compound. Iron II chloride or ferrous chloride The cation charge must be specified since iron can form more compound one charge. Metals combine with polyatomic ions to give ionic compounds. Name the compound first specifying the charge, if necessarythen the polyatomic ion as listed in the table above or as derived from the rules which were given. These can be named as compounds compound in the previous cases, e. The word "hydrogen" is omitted, the word "acid" is added to the end; the suffix is changed as shown below: Acid salts are ionic compounds that compound contain an acidic hydrogen, such compound NaHSO In naming these salts, specify the number of acidic hydrogens in the salt. For instance: The prefix bi- implies an acidic hydrogen: thus, NaHCO 3 is sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate ; NaHSO 3 is sodium bisulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfiteetc. Two nonmetals combine to form a covalent or molecular compound i. Compound many cases, two elements can combine in several different ways to make completely different compounds. This cannot happen with ionic compounds, except in the cases of metals that can form more than one charge. For instance, carbon can share electrons with one oxygen to make CO carbon monoxideor with two oxygens to make CO carbon dioxide. For this reason, it is necessary to specify how many of each element is binary within the compound. If both elements are in the same group, the one with the higher period number is named first. The simplest of the alkanes are the straight-chain alkanesin which all of the carbon atoms are linked together in a line, with no branches. Organic chemistry has a completely different set of rules for nomenclature; straight-chain alkanes are named using a prefix plus the suffix -ane. Notice that after C4, the prefixes are the same as those binary above for binary covalent compounds. Fay, Chemistry, 4th ed.
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